Benjamin Franklin is an American icon. One of the "Founding Fathers" of the United States, he was a man of many talents: inventor, writer, diplomat, traveller, media mogul, statesman. He was also one of the small group who drew up the Constitution of the United States in 1787. At the time it was regarded as a radical leap forward for the concept of "democracy" as a system of governance. Every American politician and most American voters will still tell you that it is the basis of the best democracy in the world.
It might seem surprising, then, to learn that Franklin held a more realistic view of the document he helped to create. It was, he thought, merely a temporary creation: one which would probably serve the new nation well for a while, but certainly not forever. His last words before the Constitution was signed in 1787 are never quoted by today's American politicians, and with good reason.
"I agree to this Constitution," he said, "with all its faults, if they are such, because I think a general government necessary for us. . . [but] I believe. . . that this is likely to be well administered for a course of years, and can only end in despotism as other forms have done before it, when the people shall become so corrupted as to need despotic government, being incapable of any other."
Today, even the fiercest critics of the Bush presidency would have trouble maintaining that the U.S. has become a despotism. It might do us all good, though, to take Franklin's warning seriously-for it is hard to claim that the U.S. is still a real democracy either. Indeed, it is hard to make that claim for almost any system of national governance anywhere on Earth.
"Democracy" is the last great sacred cow. Even in dictatorships (the Democratic People's Republic of North Korea, anyone?) its name is taken in vain. From Washington to Moscow, from Davos to Porto Alegre, democracy is the only system seen to being promoted. The reason is obvious: democracy may not be perfect, but it is, in Winston Churchill's oft-quoted words, "the worst form of government except for all the others." It may not be a panacea, but it does at least let the people decide.
Except that, increasingly, it doesn't. The world finds itself in a strange situation. There are more "democracies" on Earth than there have ever been; more people can elect or reject their governments than at any time in history. And yet more people, too, are disillusioned. In most Western democracies, the numbers of people bothering to vote are at an all-time low and still falling. In newer democracies, things are rarely much better.
In late 2002, the World Economic Forum released the results of one of the biggest surveys of global opinion ever carried out. It took the views of 36,000 people from 47 countries, which the Forum said could be extrapolated to represent the views of 1.4 billion of us. Two-thirds of those questioned-most of whom live in democracies-did not believe that their country was "governed by the will of the people." Democracy, in other words, may well be spreading faster and further than ever before-but people didn't seem to believe it.
There is a reason for this. It is a simple reason, but one that is not discussed as often as it should be. It is this: The global free market and systems of democracy are not complementary: they are antagonistic. You can have one, but you cannot have both. The spread of the free market does not aid the spread of a free politics. Quite the opposite: it eats democracy for breakfast.
The reasons for this have been well rehearsed. Put crudely, the more globalized the economy becomes, the less control national governments have over their own economies. The liberalization of banking and investment laws has meant that distant shareholders and brokers can bankrupt entire economies in hours if they perceive a threat to their "stability"-a threat, in other words, to their ability to make a quick buck within the boundaries of a nationstate.
At the same time, the liberalization of trade through GATT and the WTO, in tandem with the neoliberal recipes pushed onto the poor world by the World Bank and the IMF, has empowered and enlarged transnational corporations, while weakening governments to the point where national economic policies can no longer be decided by elected officials alone and must favour the interests of huge corporate blocs.
The results of this process are not hard to spot. Sit on a bus or visit a bar in many nations in the world and you can hear the same complaints about politicians: They don't listen. They make promises they never keep. They're all the same. They don't understand us. No matter how or for whom we vote, nothing ever changes. Voting makes no difference. Some of these complaints have probably been directed at political �lites since the dawn of time, but they have a new and very real edge today. For it is demonstrably true that, as the power of the global market has eaten away at the power of the people, politicians, like politics itself, have changed. In virtually every democracy on Earth, "right" and "left" have become almost meaningless terms. Whoever you vote for, they will have to keep the big corporations happy or see their economy crushed. Whatever and whoever you vote for today, you will always get eoliberalism.
American journalist Thomas Friedman has famously called this the "golden straitjacket"-a process by which the global economy "narrows the political and economic policy choices of those in power to relatively tight parameters. . . Once your country puts on the Golden Straitjacket, its political choices get reduced to Pepsi or Coke-to slight nuances of taste, slight nuances of policy."
Plenty of people question Friedman's optimistic view of just how "golden" the straitjacket of the global market really is-but the Coke-vs.-Pepsi effect is plain to see. Moving back to the U.S. for a moment, the similarities of the two main parties there are much commented upon. In the recent presidential election, there was barely enough difference between the Bush and Kerry camps to make it worth voting. No one with their eyes open imagined that a Kerry presidency would turn out to be a simple continuation of Bush's first term-at least not in foreign policy-but in the economic big picture there would have been no change.
It is in the developing countries where the truly dangerous impact of the slow death of democracy can be seen. Take, for example, the case of Brazil. The Workers' Party (PT) swept into government in 2002, led by Brazil's first working-class president, "Lula" da Silva, on a wave of resentment against the neoliberal policies of previous governments. Within a year, Lula had bowed to neoliberalism himself, accepting an IMF loan and its accompanying conditions, slashing benefits for state employees, and expelling critics within the PT. Brazil's cities are filling up with expensive foreign chain-stores while their shanties remain crowded and the rich-poor gap widens.
Few would suggest that the Lula government has made no improvements in the country, and even fewer would suggest that Lula and his party do not have the best intentions. But good faith is not the issue. Maria Victoria Benevides, a Sao Paulo University academic who helped draw up the PT's governing program, summed it up when she explained to a journalist why the LuIa government seemed so hamstrung: "The mission they had in mind is much more difficult than they had hoped," she said. Their good intentions had been exposed to the powerful pressure of the market, and many had not survived that pressure.
Over in South Africa, a similar situation has developed, as I discovered for myself when I visited the country a few years ago. The ANC - another great liberating government welcomed with joy by its people-has also given over its hugely divided country to the neoliberal machine. Two years after it came to power in 1994, it adopted an economic program largely drawn up by the World Bank. This has resulted in more unemployment, a widening gulf between rich and poor, and, most controversially of all, massive cut-offs of electricity and water in some of the poorest communities in the country, as newly privatized utilities screw the poor for payments they simply can't afford to meet.
Why would the ANC do this? Again, their hands have been, to a great extent, tied. Michael Sachs, the ANC's head of policy and research, admitted this to me in a candid interview in his office. "The approach we take," he told me, "is saying, how do we engage with globalization? And if we engage with it in a way which is unrealistic-that is dictated by probably what are good principles, but which don't recognize the reality of a unipolar world with the strength of finance capital that exists out there. . . no, we've got to take these things into consideration."
The problem, then, is stark and similar all over the world: the global market is undermining democracy. We know this, and we also know the resuit: the end of true political choice. And yet few people seem to have drawn the obvious conclusion: either democracy goes, or the market does. The two-at least as now configured-cannot exist together.
What, then, can be done? There are plenty of suggestions out there, but none of them is self-contained and none of them is ultimately convincing. We probably shouldn't expect them to be; this is, after all, a fundamental and structural problem. It is not insoluble, but it requires vision. If we can't roll back the tide of corporate globalization-and it looks increasingly unlikely-then we will have to do something else: we will have to reinvent democracy and take it to its next stage.
We will have to move on, in other words, from the assumption that "democracy" means voting for one of two or more groups of neoliberals every four years, then letting them get on with running the country. We will have to begin to take power right back to the local level on the one hand, and look at reining in markets and financial flows globally on the other. And nobody pretends it's going to be easy.
What seems clear, though, is that for this to happen we need first to face the facts. We need to look at this problem in the cold light of day and say out loud what we already know, deep down, to be the case: democracy, as we have known it, is dead. It was murdered by the global market, and there is no bringing it back, at least in the form we used to know. We need to accept this reality and move on-into what can hopefully become a new phase of genuine people-power, with the market as its servant, not as its master.
[Sidebar]
"The terms 'right' and 'left' have become almost meaningless. Whoever you vote for, they will have to keep the corporations happy or see their economy crushed."
[Sidebar]
No matter who or what we vote for, we get neoliberalism
[Sidebar]
"We will have to reinvent democracy-take it to its next stage. We will have to begin to take power back to the local level on the one hand, and rein in global markets and financial flows on the other."
[Author Affiliation]
(Paul Kingsnorth-www.paulkingsnorth.net -is the author of One No, Many Yeses: A Journey to the Heart of the Global Resistance Movement.)
Комментариев нет:
Отправить комментарий